Возразить по сути нечего, вот ты к словам и цепляешься. :)


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Отправлено Дурень 02:20:34 01/03/1999
в ответ на: Re: На себя посмотри, отправлено Holger 00:58:46 01/03/1999

> А ты поинтересуйся сколько нобелевских премий в математике, физике, химии и биологии получили американцы, сколько — жители других стран, и сколько — в СССР и России. Сразу и заткнешься. 8-)) 
>  
>  
> Эй, дурень, ну-ка назови мне хотя бы одного математика-американца, получившего нобелевскую премию. 
***************************** 
Не прикидывайся дурачком, ты же понял идею? 
 
Приведу тебе, дурню, лауреатов по физике: 
1998  
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN, HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.      
1997  
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
STEVEN CHU, CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.  
1996  
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
DAVID M. LEE, DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of superfluidity in 
helium-3.  
 
                                         
1995  
 
The prize was awarded for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, with one half to:  
 
MARTIN L. PERL for the discovery of the tau lepton.  
 
and the other half to:  
 
FREDERICK REINES for the detection of the neutrino.  
 
                                         
1994  
 
The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques 
for studies of condensed matter to:  
 
BERTRAM N. BROCKHOUSE for the development of neutron spectroscopy  
 
CLIFFORD G. SHULL for the development of the neutron diffraction technique.  
 
                                         
1993  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
RUSSELL A. HULSE and JOSEPH H. TAYLOR JR. for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that 
has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.  
 
 
                                         
1992  
 
GEORGES CHARPAK for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire 
proportional chamber.  
 
 
                                         
1991  
 
PIERRE-GILLES DE GENNES for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple 
systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.  
 
 
                                         
1990  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
JEROME I. FRIEDMAN, HENRY W. KENDALL and RICHARD E. TAYLOR for their pioneering investigations 
concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of 
essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.  
 
                                         
1989  
 
One half of the award was given to:  
 
NORMAN F. RAMSEY for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen 
maser and other atomic clocks.  
 
and the other half jointly to: 
 
HANS G. DEHMELT and WOLFGANG PAUL for the development of the ion trap technique.  
 
                                         
1988  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
LEON M. LEDERMAN, MELVIN SCHWARTZ and JACK STEINBERGER for the neutrino beam method and the 
demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.  
 
 
                                         
1987  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
J. GEORG BEDNORZ and K. ALEXANDER MЬLLER for their important breakthrough in the discovery of 
superconductivity in ceramic materials.  
 
                                         
1986  
 
The prize was awarded by one half to:  
 
ERNST RUSKA for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron 
microscope.  
 
GERD BINNIG and HEINRICH ROHRER for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.  
 
                                         
1985  
 
KLAUS VON KLITZING for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.  
 
 
                                         
1984  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
CARLO RUBBIA and SIMON VAN DER MEER for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to 
the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.  
 
                                         
1983  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
SUBRAMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the 
structure and evolution of the stars.  
 
WILLIAM A. FOWLER for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in 
the formation of the chemical elements in the universe.  
 
                                         
1982  
 
KENNETH G. WILSON for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.  
 
 
                                         
1981  
 
The prize was awarded by one half jointly to:  
 
NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN and ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW for their contribution to the development of laser 
spectroscopy  
 
and the other half to:  
 
KAI M. SIEGBAHN for his contribution to the development of high- resolution electron spectroscopy.  
 
                                         
1980  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
JAMES W. CRONIN and VAL L. FITCH for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in 
the decay of neutral K-mesons.  
 
                                         
1979  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
SHELDON L. GLASHOW, ABDUS SALAM and STEVEN WEINBERG for their contributions to the theory of the 
unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the 
prediction of the weak neutral current.  
 
                                         
1978  
 
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:  
 
PYOTR LEONIDOVICH KAPITSA for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature 
physics  
 
and the other half divided equally between:  
 
ARNO A. PENZIAS and ROBERT W. WILSON for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.  
 
                                         
1977  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
PHILIP W. ANDERSON, SIR NEVILL F. MOTT and JOHN H. VAN VLECK for their fundamental theoretical 
investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.  
 
                                         
1976  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
BURTON RICHTER and SAMUEL C. C. TING for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary 
particle of a new kind.  
 
 
                                         
1975  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
AAGE BOHR, BEN MOTTELSON and JAMES RAINWATER for the discovery of the connection between collective 
motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the 
atomic nucleus based on this connection.  
 
                                         
1974  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
SIR MARTIN RYLE and ANTONY HEWISH for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics Ryle for his 
observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive 
role in the discovery of pulsars.  
 
                                         
1973  
 
The prize was divided, one half being equally shared between:  
 
LEO ESAKI and IVAR GIAEVER , for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in 
semiconductors and superconductors, respectively,  
 
and the other half to 
 
BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel 
barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects.  
 
 
                                         
1972  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
JOHN BARDEEN, LEON N. COOPER and J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER for their jointly developed theory of 
superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.  
 
                                         
1971  
 
DENNIS GABOR for his invention and development of the holographic method.  
 
                                         
1970  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
HANNES ALFVЙN for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications 
in different parts of plasma physics  
 
LOUIS NЙEL for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism 
which have led to important applications in solid state physics.  
 
                                         
1969  
 
MURRAY GELL-MANN for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary 
particles and their interactions.  
 
                                         
1968  
 
LUIS W. ALVAREZ for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of 
a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using 
hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.  
 
                                         
1967  
 
HANS ALBRECHT BETHE for his contributions to the theory ofnuclear reactions, especially his discoveries 
concerning the energy production in stars.  
 
                                         
1966  
 
ALFRED KASTLER for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in 
atoms.  
 
                                         
1965  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
SIN-ITIRO TOMONAGA, JULIAN SCHWINGER and RICHARD P. FEYNMAN for their fundamental work in quantum 
electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles.  
 
                                         
1964  
 
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:  
 
CHARLES H. TOWNES  
 
the other half jointly to:  
 
NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH BASOV and ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH PROKHOROV for fundamental work in the field 
of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the 
maser-laser principle.  
 
                                         
1963  
 
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:  
 
EUGENE P. WIGNER for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, 
particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles  
 
and the other half jointly to:  
 
MARIA GOEPPERT-MAYER and J. HANS D. JENSEN for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure.  
 
                                         
1962  
 
LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium.  
 
                                         
1961  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
ROBERT HOFSTADTER for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby 
achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons  
 
RUDOLF LUDWIG MЦSSBAUER for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation 
and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name.  
 
                                         
1960  
 
DONALD A. GLASER for the invention of the bubble chamber.  
 
                                         
1959  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
EMILIO GINO SEGRИ and OWEN CHAMBERLAIN for their discovery of the antiproton.  
 
                                         
1958  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH CHERENKOV , IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH FRANK and IGOR YEVGENYEVICH TAMM for the 
discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.  
 
                                         
1957  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
CHEN NING YANG and TSUNG-DAO LEE for their penetratinginvestigation of the so-called parity laws which 
has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary partic les.  
 
                                         
1956  
 
The prize was awarded jointly, one third each, to:  
 
WILLIAM SHOCKLEY, JOHN BARDEEN and WALTER HOUSER BRATTAIN for their researches on semiconductors 
and their discovery of the transistor effect.  
 
                                         
1955  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
WILLIS EUGENE LAMB for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum  
 
POLYKARP KUSCH for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.  
 
                                         
1954  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
MAX BORN for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation 
of the wavefunction  
 
WALTHER BOTHE for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith.  
 
                                         
1953  
 
FRITS (FREDERIK) ZERNIKE for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention 
of the phase contrast microscope.  
 
                                         
1952  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
FELIX BLOCH and EDWARD MILLS PURCELL for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic 
precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith.  
 
                                         
1951  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
SIR JOHN DOUGLAS COCKCROFT and ERNEST THOMAS SINTON WALTON for their pioneer work on the 
transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles.  
 
                                         
1950  
 
CECIL FRANK POWELL for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and 
his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method.  
 
                                         
1949  
 
HIDEKI YUKAWA for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear 
forces.  
 
                                         
1948  
 
LORD PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and 
his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.  
 
                                         
1947  
 
SIR EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for 
the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer.  
 
                                         
1946  
 
PERCY WILLIAMS BRIDGMAN for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for 
the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics.  
 
                                         
1945  
 
WOLFGANG PAULI for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle.  
 
 
                                         
1944  
 
ISIDOR ISAAC RABI for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.  
 
                                         
1943  
 
OTTO STERN for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the 
magnetic moment of the proton.  
 
                                         
1942-1940  
 
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.  
 
                                         
1939  
 
ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained 
with it, especially with regard to artifi cial radioactive elements.  
 
                                         
1938  
 
ENRICO FERMI for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron 
irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons.  
 
                                         
1937  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON and SIR GEORGE PAGET THOMSON for their experimental discovery of the 
diffraction of electrons by crystals.  
 
                                         
1936  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
VICTOR FRANZ HESS for his discovery of cosmic radiation  
 
CARL DAVID ANDERSON for his discovery of the positron.  
 
                                         
1935  
 
SIR JAMES CHADWICK for the discovery of the neutron.  
 
                                         
1934  
 
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.  
 
                                         
1933  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to 
 
 
ERWIN SCHRЦDINGER and PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic 
theory.  
 
                                         
1932  
 
WERNER HEISENBERG for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to 
the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.  
 
                                         
1931  
 
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.  
 
                                         
1930  
 
SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the 
effect named after him.  
 
                                         
1929  
 
PRINCE LOUIS-VICTOR DE BROGLIE for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons.  
 
                                         
1928  
 
SIR OWEN WILLANS RICHARDSON for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the 
discovery of the law named after him.  
 
                                         
1927  
 
The prize was divided equally between:  
 
ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON for his discovery of the effect named after him  
 
CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible 
by condensation of vapour.  
 
                                         
1926  
 
JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his 
discovery of sedimentation equilibrium.  
 
                                         
1925  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
JAMES FRANCK and GUSTAV HERTZ for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon 
an atom.  
 
                                         
1924  
 
KARL MANNE GEORG SIEGBAHN for his discoveries and researchin the field of X-ray spectroscopy.  
 
                                         
1923  
 
ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric 
effect.  
 
                                         
1922  
 
NIELS BOHR for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating 
from them.  
 
                                         
1921  
 
ALBERT EINSTEIN for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the 
photoelectric effect.  
 
                                         
1920  
 
CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in 
Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.  
 
                                         
1919  
 
JOHANNES STARK for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in 
electric fields.  
 
                                         
1918  
 
MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of 
Physics by his discovery of energy quanta.  
 
                                         
1917  
 
CHARLES GLOVER BARKLA for his discovery of the characteristic Rцntgen radiation of the elements.  
 
                                         
1916  
 
The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.  
 
                                         
1915  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG and SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG for their services in the analysis of crystal 
structure by means of X-rays.  
 
                                         
1914  
 
MAX VON LAUE for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.  
 
                                         
1913  
 
HEIKE KAMERLINGH-ONNES for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, 
inter alia to the production of liquid helium.  
 
                                         
1912  
 
NILS GUSTAF DALЙN for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators 
for illuminating lighthouses and buoys.  
 
                                         
1911  
 
WILHELM WIEN for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat.  
 
                                         
1910  
 
JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.  
 
                                         
1909  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
GUGLIELMO MARCONI and CARL FERDINAND BRAUN in recognition of their contributions to the development 
of wireless telegraphy.  
 
                                         
1908  
 
GABRIEL LIPPMANN for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of 
interference.  
 
                                         
1907  
 
ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological 
investigations carried out with their aid.  
 
                                         
1906  
 
SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental 
investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.  
 
                                         
1905  
 
PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON LENARD for his work on cathode rays.  
 
                                         
1904  
 
LORD JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT RAYLEIGH for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases 
and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies.  
 
                                         
1903  
 
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:  
 
ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of 
spontaneous radioactivity  
 
the other half jointly to:  
 
PIERRE CURIE and MARIE CURIE, nйe SKLODOWSKA in recognition of the extraordinary services they have 
rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.  
 
                                         
1902  
 
The prize was awarded jointly to:  
 
HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ and PIETER ZEEMAN in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by 
their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena.  
 
                                         
1901  
 
WILHELM CONRAD RЦNTGEN in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery 
of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him.  


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